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Gross expenditures on R&D for selected countries, by performing sector and source of funds: 2019 or most recent year

(Billions of U.S. PPP dollars and percent share)

na = not applicable; country does not recognize the category or does not report the data item. NA = not available.

GERD = gross domestic expenditure on R&D; PPP = purchasing power parity.

a The private nonprofit sector comprises all nonprofit institutions serving households except those classified as part of the higher education sector.

b Data for U.S. GERD differ slightly from the U.S. total R&D data tabulated earlier in this report. For better consistency with international standards, U.S. GERD includes federal capital funding for federal intramural and nonprofit R&D in addition to what is reported as U.S. total R&D. The data for U.S. funding from the rest of the world include funding for business R&D and academic R&D.

c For India, the most recent year of available data on GERD and the distribution of R&D performance is 2018, whereas the most recent year available for data on distribution of R&D expenditures by source of funds is 2017.

d For the United Kingdom, the most recent year available for data on distribution of R&D expenditures by source of funds is 2018.

Note(s):

Table shows the top eight R&D-performing countries in 2019. Year of data is listed in parentheses. Percentages may not add to 100% because of rounding. Germany's expenditures of the nonprofit sector are included in data for other performing sectors. Classification of sectors follows Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development surveys.

Source(s):

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Patterns of R&D Resources (2019–20 edition); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators (September 2021 edition); United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Statistics, Science Technology and Innovation data set (March 2021 release).

Science and Engineering Indicators